Fallece Alberto Fujimori, expresidente peruano controvertido y divisible
A las 11.45 de la mañana del jueves, seis portadores con guantes blancos ❤️ llevaron un ataúd que contenía el cuerpo del político peruano más divisivo, amado y vituperado de las últimas cuatro décadas. ❤️ Pasaron ante los dolientes, las cámaras y las lanzas con banderas del regimiento de Húsares de Junín, y lo dejaron ❤️ en el vestíbulo del ministerio de Cultura de Lima, un edificio brutalista.
Detrás del ataúd, con las manos entrelazadas y vestidos ❤️ de luto bajo un cielo primaveral suave pero cálido, vinieron su hija mayor y su hijo menor. Una multitud de ❤️ ministros, aliados políticos y altos mandos militares los esperaban en las puertas dobles del ministerio.
Así comenzaron tres días de luto ❤️ nacional en honor de Alberto Fujimori, el político que sorprendentemente se convirtió en presidente del Perú de 1990 a 2000 ❤️ y que, nueve años después, fue ordenado a cumplir una sentencia de 25 años por autorizar secuestros y asesinatos durante ❤️ su "guerra contra el terrorismo".
El hecho de que Fujimori, quien murió de cáncer a los 86 años el miércoles, recibiera ❤️ el tipo de funeral no visto desde el funeral de 2024 del exsecretario general de la ONU peruano Javier Pérez ❤️ de Cuéllar, puede haber enojado a muchos en el país sudamericano, pero vino como poca sorpresa.
Después de todo, la vida ❤️ y el legado de Fujimori - quien fue indultado y liberado de la cárcel solo 10 meses antes - es ❤️ quizás el tema más amargo y disputado en el Perú contemporáneo.
Para muchos, siempre será el autócrata cínico cuya corrupción, hambre ❤️ de poder y desprecio por los derechos humanos envenenaron la nación. Para otros, siempre será el outsider político que, de ❤️ alguna manera, logró derrotar las plagas del terrorismo y la hiperinflación.
Aquellos en el último campamento eran evidentes en las calles ❤️ fuera del ministerio de Cultura el jueves, donde hacían cola, aplaudían y lloraban mientras recordaban al hombre cariñosamente conocido como ❤️ "El Chino", mientras que las coronas florales enviadas por la élite empresarial del país se apilaban.
"Está recibiendo los honores que ❤️ merece porque fue el mejor presidente en la historia del Perú", dijo Milagros Parra, de 54 años, quien había venido ❤️ con compañeros del vecindario San Juan de Lurigancho en las afueras de Lima.
"Heredó un país lleno de sangre con una ❤️ hiperinflación masiva. Tenemos que agradecerle."
Fujimori, el hijo de inmigrantes japoneses, fue el candidato casi desconocido que se postuló contra el ❤️ novelista peruano - y futuro ganador del Premio Nobel - Mario Vargas Llosa en las elecciones de 1990, que se ❤️ llevaron a cabo después de casi una década del terrorismo de Sendero Luminoso y años de agitación económica.
Con Vargas Llosa ❤️ percibido como otro candidato de la elite blanca y centrada en Lima de Perú, Fujimori, ingeniero agrícola y matemático educado ❤️ en Francia y Estados Unidos, capitalizó su atractivo para los peruanos comunes al conducir un tractor y prometer "honestidad, tecnología, ❤️ trabajo".
La propuesta funcionó y Fujimori ganó. Sus reformas económicas drásticas y la desregulación de la economía peruana apelaron a la ❤️ elite empresarial, mientras que los programas para construir escuelas, carreteras y puentes en comunidades pobres, abandonadas, ganaron votos y apoyo ❤️ de por vida.
Como resultado, dijo José Alejandro Godoy, autor de dos libros sobre Fujimori, "tanto los sectores ricos como los ❤️ pobres continúan siendo las principales bases de apoyo para él y el movimiento político que fundó".
Pero, enfrentado con el caos ❤️ económico y el terrorismo desde el principio, Fujimori gobernó con una mano cada vez más autoritaria en connivencia con su ❤️ jefe de inteligencia, Vladimiro Montesinos, un abogado corrupto y exsoldado que le ofreció el control de la judicatura y las ❤️ fuerzas armadas.
Emboldened by broad public support, Fujimori embarked on the "war against terrorism" that eventually crushed the Shining Path insurgency ❤️ and then the smaller Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, which made headlines when it took hostages during a party at the ❤️ Japanese ambassador's residence in December 1996. The capture in 1992 of the Shining Path's leader, Abimael Guzmán, proved a major ❤️ coup – the much-feared terrorist mastermind was paraded in a cage in prison stripes – as did the operation that ❤️ ended the siege at the Japanese ambassador's residence in April 1997.
Desperate for an end to the bloodshed – the country's ❤️ truth and reconciliation commission would later establish that 69,280 people were killed between 1980 and 2000, 54% of them by ❤️ the Shining Path – many Peruvians supported Fujimori's "by any means necessary" tactics.
In the early 1990s, Fujimori holed up in ❤️ the intelligence service headquarters from where he directed a dirty war using a death squad, the Grupo Colina, to carry ❤️ out massacres for which he was eventually convicted and jailed for 25 years in 2009 in a landmark trial against ❤️ a former head of state.
These crimes, which included the murder of an eight-year-old boy and a string of other human ❤️ rights violations, turned a large sector of public opinion against Fujimori, as did increasing revelations of corruption.
But it took time. ❤️ Even when he dissolved congress in 1992, allied himself with the military and co-opted the institutions to rewrite the constitution, ❤️ allowing him to run for re-election, he still had broad support.
With a chokehold on power, he gutted and corrupted public ❤️ institutions and, via Montesinos, controlled a significant part of the press that trashed his opponents through tabloids known as the ❤️ prensa chicha.
He perfected the use of "fake news" to control and subjugate the population
"He perfected the use of 'fake news' ❤️ to control and subjugate the population," said Jo-Marie Burt, professor of political science at George Mason University and a senior ❤️ fellow at the Washington Office on Latin America.
Things finally began to fall apart towards the end of his second term ❤️ when he began pushing for a third mandate using much of the apparatus of a co-opted state. Protests against his ❤️ regime grew until they became daily in Lima and, after an election in 2000 that was beset with allegations of ❤️ ballot-rigging – and the emergence of videos that showed Montesinos bribing lawmakers with stacks of cash – Peruvians tired of ❤️ the Fujimori government and its graft.
Soon after, on an official trip to Asia, Fujimori fled to Japan, his parents' homeland, ❤️ and resigned the presidency by fax. But Peru's congress rejected his resignation and, instead, stripped him of the presidency, arguing ❤️ that he was "morally unfit" to be head of state.
With Fujimori in disgrace and, latterly, in prison, it was left ❤️ to his daughter, Keiko, who had been his first lady since 1994 when her parents separated, to defend and perpetuate ❤️ her father's legacy. Today, Keiko, who has finished second in the past three presidential elections, remains the standard bearer for ❤️ the political force known, after her father, as fujimorismo – a viciously divisive movement that has contorted Peruvian politics since ❤️ he won power.
Fujimori may be dead, but experts say his shadow lingers – and will continue to do so for ❤️ a while yet. Hundreds of thousands of women and men – many poor and Indigenous – are still seeking justice ❤️ after being forcibly sterilised under his presidency.
For Godoy, the late president "degraded Peruvian politics to extremes rarely seen in national ❤️ history" and can be considered the father of the "competitive authoritarianism" seen today in El Salvador under Nayib Bukele.
The author ❤️ Michael Reid describes Fujimori as "a transformative president for better and for worse".Although many, unsurprisingly, associate the late president with ❤️ human rights violations and the poisoning of democracy, Reid points out that "most poorer Peruvians look back on Fujimori as ❤️ somebody who saved the country and somebody who improved their lives and the economy" during a time of crisis.
But, he ❤️ added, Fujimori "introduced corruption as an instrument of rule and I think that was immensely damaging ... Above all, his ❤️ legacy, sadly, has been one of dividing Peruvians because he did rule as an autocrat from 1992 to 2000."
As Peru ❤️ digs in for the mourning period and the many memories it will stir up, some have noted that, in a ❤️ quirk of fate, Fujimori died exactly three years to the day after his terrorist nemesis Guzmán died in a military ❤️ hospital , also at the age of 86.
Some have even dared to imagine that the coincidence might herald a better ❤️ future for a country desperately in need of a break with its recent past.
"And so Alberto Fujimori dies on the ❤️ same day as Abimael Guzmán," the Peruvian writer Santiago Roncagliolo wrote on X. "Let's hope this is an omen for ❤️ an era with neither terrorists nor dictators. Let's hope the universe is saying that Peru can be a democracy."
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