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Casino gambling machine
Row of digital-based slot machines inside a casino in Las Vegas
A slot machine, fruit machine (British English), poker ๐ machine or pokies (Australian English and New Zealand English) is a gambling machine that creates a game of chance for ๐ its customers. Slot machines are also known pejoratively as one-armed bandits, alluding to the large mechanical levers affixed to the ๐ sides of early mechanical machines, and to the games' ability to empty players' pockets and wallets as thieves would.[1]
A slot ๐ machine's standard layout features a screen displaying three or more reels that "spin" when the game is activated. Some modern ๐ slot machines still include a lever as a skeuomorphic design trait to trigger play. However, the mechanical operations of early ๐ machines have been superseded by random number generators, and most are now operated using buttons and touchscreens.
Slot machines include one ๐ or more currency detectors that validate the form of payment, whether coin, banknote, voucher, or token. The machine pays out ๐ according to the pattern of symbols displayed when the reels stop "spinning". Slot machines are the most popular gambling method ๐ in casinos and constitute about 70% of the average U.S. casino's income.[2]
Digital technology has resulted in variations in the original ๐ slot machine concept. As the player is essentially playing a video game, manufacturers can offer more interactive elements, such as ๐ advanced bonus rounds and more varied video graphics.
Etymology
The "slot machine" term derives from the slots on the machine for inserting ๐ and retrieving coins.[3] "Fruit machine" comes from the traditional fruit 
on the spinning reels such as lemons and cherries.[4]
History
1899 ๐ "Liberty Bell" machine, manufactured by Charles Fey
Plaque marking the location of Charles Fey's San Francisco workshop, where he invented the ๐ three-reel slot machine. The location is a California Historical Landmark.
Sittman and Pitt of Brooklyn, New York, developed a gambling machine ๐ in 1891 that was a precursor to the modern slot machine. It contained five drums holding a total of 50 ๐ card faces and was based on poker. The machine proved extremely popular, and soon many bars in the city had ๐ one or more of them. Players would insert a nickel and pull a lever, which would spin the drums and ๐ the cards that they held, the player hoping for a good poker hand. There was no direct payout mechanism, so ๐ a pair of kings might get the player a free beer, whereas a royal flush could pay out cigars or ๐ drinks; the prizes were wholly dependent upon what the establishment would offer. To improve the odds for the house, two ๐ cards were typically removed from the deck, the ten of spades and the jack of hearts, doubling the odds against ๐ winning a royal flush. The drums could also be rearranged to further reduce a player's chance of winning.
Because of the ๐ vast number of possible wins in the original poker-based game, it proved practically impossible to make a machine capable of ๐ awarding an automatic payout for all possible winning combinations. At some time between 1887 and 1895,[5] Charles Fey of San ๐ Francisco, California devised a much simpler automatic mechanism[6] with three spinning reels containing a total of five symbols: horseshoes, diamonds, ๐ spades, hearts and a Liberty Bell; the bell gave the machine its name. By replacing ten cards with five symbols ๐ and using three reels instead of five drums, the complexity of reading a win was considerably reduced, allowing Fey to ๐ design an effective automatic payout mechanism. Three bells in a row produced the biggest payoff, ten nickels (50ยข). Liberty Bell ๐ was a huge success and spawned a thriving mechanical gaming device industry. After a few years, the devices were banned ๐ in California, but Fey still could not keep up with the demand for them elsewhere. The Liberty Bell machine was ๐ so popular that it was copied by many slot machine manufacturers. The first of these, also called the "Liberty Bell", ๐ was produced by the manufacturer Herbert Mills in 1907. By 1908, "bell" machines had been installed in cigar stores, brothels ๐ and barber shops.[7] Early machines, including an 1899 Liberty Bell, are now part of the Nevada State Museum's Fey Collection.[8]
The ๐ first Liberty Bell machines produced by Mills used the same symbols on the reels as did Charles Fey's original. Soon ๐ afterward, another version was produced with patriotic symbols, such as flags and wreaths, on the wheels. Later, a similar machine ๐ called the Operator's Bell was produced that included the option of adding a gum-vending attachment. As the gum offered was ๐ fruit-flavored, fruit symbols were placed on the reels: lemons, cherries, oranges and plums. A bell was retained, and a picture ๐ of a stick of Bell-Fruit Gum, the origin of the bar symbol, was also present. This set of symbols proved ๐ highly popular and was used by other companies that began to make their own slot machines: Caille, Watling, Jennings and ๐ Pace.[9]
A commonly used technique to avoid gambling laws in several states was to award food prizes. For this reason, several ๐ gumball and other vending machines were regarded with mistrust by the courts. The two Iowa cases of State v. Ellis[10] ๐ and State v. Striggles[11] are both used in criminal law classes to illustrate the concept of reliance upon authority as ๐ it relates to the axiomatic ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law is no excuse").[12] In these cases, a ๐ mint vending machine was declared to be a gambling device because the machine would, by internally manufactured chance, occasionally give ๐ the next user several tokens exchangeable for more candy. Despite the display of the result of the next use on ๐ the machine, the courts ruled that "[t]he machine appealed to the player's propensity to gamble, and that is [a] vice."[13]
In ๐ 1963, Bally developed the first fully electromechanical slot machine called Money Honey (although earlier machines such as Bally's High Hand ๐ draw-poker machine had exhibited the basics of electromechanical construction as early as 1940). Its electromechanical workings made Money Honey the ๐ first slot machine with a bottomless hopper and automatic payout of up to 500 coins without the help of an ๐ attendant.[14] The popularity of this machine led to the increasing predominance of electronic games, with the side lever soon becoming ๐ vestigial.
The first video slot machine was developed in 1976 in Kearny Mesa, California by the Las Vegasโbased Fortune Coin Co. ๐ This machine used a modified 19-inch (48 cm) Sony Trinitron color receiver for the display and logic boards for all ๐ slot-machine functions. The prototype was mounted in a full-size, show-ready slot-machine cabinet. The first production units went on trial at ๐ the Las Vegas Hilton Hotel. After some modifications to defeat cheating attempts, the video slot machine was approved by the ๐ Nevada State Gaming Commission and eventually found popularity on the Las Vegas Strip and in downtown casinos. Fortune Coin Co. ๐ and its video slot-machine technology were purchased by IGT (International Gaming Technology) in 1978.[citation needed]
The first American video slot machine ๐ to offer a "second screen" bonus round was Reel โEm In, developed by WMS Industries in 1996.[15] This type of ๐ machine had appeared in Australia from at least 1994 with the Three Bags Full game.[16] With this type of machine, ๐ the display changes to provide a different game in which an additional payout may be awarded.
Operation
A person playing a video ๐ slot machine in Las Vegas
Depending on the machine, the player can insert cash or, in "ticket-in, ticket-out" machines, a paper ๐ ticket with a barcode, into a designated slot on the machine. The machine is then activated by means of a ๐ lever or button (either physical or on a touchscreen), which activates reels that spin and stop to rearrange the symbols. ๐ If a player matches a winning combination of symbols, the player earns credits based on the paytable. Symbols vary depending ๐ on the theme of the machine. Classic symbols include objects such as fruits, bells, and stylized lucky sevens. Most slot ๐ games have a theme, such as a specific style, location, or character. Symbols and other bonus features of the game ๐ are typically aligned with the theme. Some themes are licensed from popular media franchises, including films, television series (including game ๐ shows such as Wheel of Fortune, which has been one of the most popular lines of slot machines),[17] entertainers, and ๐ musicians.
Multi-line slot machines have become more popular since the 1990s. These machines have more than one payline, meaning that visible ๐ symbols that are not aligned on the main horizontal may be considered as winning combinations. Traditional three-reel slot machines commonly ๐ have one, three, or five paylines while video slot machines may have 9, 15, 25, or as many as 1024 ๐ different paylines. Most accept variable numbers of credits to play, with 1 to 15 credits per line being typical. The ๐ higher the amount bet, the higher the payout will be if the player wins.
One of the main differences between video ๐ slot machines and reel machines is in the way payouts are calculated. With reel machines, the only way to win ๐ the maximum jackpot is to play the maximum number of coins (usually three, sometimes four or even five coins per ๐ spin). With video machines, the fixed payout values are multiplied by the number of coins per line that is being ๐ bet. In other words: on a reel machine, the odds are more favorable if the gambler plays with the maximum ๐ number of coins available.[18] However, depending on the structure of the game and its bonus features, some video slots may ๐ still include features that improve chances at payouts by making increased wagers.
A "multi-way" game with several winning lines
"Multi-way" games eschew ๐ fixed paylines in favor of allowing symbols to pay anywhere, as long as there is at least one in at ๐ least three consecutive reels from left to right. Multi-way games may be configured to allow players to bet by-reel: for ๐ example, on a game with a 3x5 pattern (often referred to as a 243-way game), playing one reel allows all ๐ three symbols in the first reel to potentially pay, but only the center row pays on the remaining reels (often ๐ designated by darkening the unused portions of the reels). Other multi-way games use a 4x5 or 5x5 pattern, where there ๐ are up to five symbols in each reel, allowing for up to 1,024 and 3,125 ways to win respectively. The ๐ Australian manufacturer Aristocrat Leisure brands games featuring this system as "Reel Power", "Xtra Reel Power" and "Super Reel Power" respectively. ๐ A variation involves patterns where symbols are adjacent to one another. Most of these games have a hexagonal reel formation, ๐ and much like multi-way games, any patterns not played are darkened out of use.
Denominations can range from 1 cent ("penny ๐ slots") all the way up toR$100.00 or more per credit. The latter are typically known as "high limit" machines, and ๐ machines configured to allow for such wagers are often located in dedicated areas (which may have a separate team of ๐ attendants to cater to the needs of those who play there). The machine automatically calculates the number of credits the ๐ player receives in exchange for the cash inserted. Newer machines often allow players to choose from a selection of denominations ๐ on a splash screen or menu.
Terminology
A bonus is a special feature of the particular game theme, which is activated when ๐ certain symbols appear in a winning combination. Bonuses and the number of bonus features vary depending upon the game. Some ๐ bonus rounds are a special session of free spins (the number of which is often based on the winning combination ๐ that triggers the bonus), often with a different or modified set of winning combinations as the main game and/or other ๐ multipliers or increased frequencies of symbols, or a "hold and re-spin" mechanic in which specific symbols (usually marked with values ๐ of credits or other prizes) are collected and locked in place over a finite number of spins. In other bonus ๐ rounds, the player is presented with several items on a screen from which to choose. As the player chooses items, ๐ a number of credits is revealed and awarded. Some bonuses use a mechanical device, such as a spinning wheel, that ๐ works in conjunction with the bonus to display the amount won.
A candle is a light on top of the slot ๐ machine. It flashes to alert the operator that change is needed, hand pay is requested or a potential problem with ๐ the machine. It can be lit by the player by pressing the "service" or "help" button.
Carousel refers to a grouping ๐ of slot machines, usually in a circle or oval formation.
A coin hopper is a container where the coins that are ๐ immediately available for payouts are held. The hopper is a mechanical device that rotates coins into the coin tray when ๐ a player collects credits/coins (by pressing a "Cash Out" button). When a certain preset coin capacity is reached, a coin ๐ diverter automatically redirects, or "drops", excess coins into a "drop bucket" or "drop box". (Unused coin hoppers can still be ๐ found even on games that exclusively employ Ticket-In, Ticket-Out technology, as a vestige.)
The credit meter is a display of the ๐ amount of money or number of credits on the machine. On mechanical slot machines, this is usually a seven-segment display, ๐ but video slot machines typically use stylized text that suits the game's theme and user interface.
The drop bucket or drop ๐ box is a container located in a slot machine's base where excess coins are diverted from the hopper. Typically, a ๐ drop bucket is used for low-denomination slot machines and a drop box is used for high-denomination slot machines. A drop ๐ box contains a hinged lid with one or more locks whereas a drop bucket does not contain a lid. The ๐ contents of drop buckets and drop boxes are collected and counted by the casino on a scheduled basis.
EGM is short ๐ for "Electronic Gaming Machine".
Free spins are a common form of bonus, where a series of spins are automatically played at ๐ no charge at the player's current wager. Free spins are usually triggered via a scatter of at least three designated ๐ symbols (with the number of spins dependent on the number of symbols that land). Some games allow the free spins ๐ bonus to "retrigger", which adds additional spins on top of those already awarded. There is no theoretical limit to the ๐ number of free spins obtainable. Some games may have other features that can also trigger over the course of free ๐ spins.
A hand pay refers to a payout made by an attendant or at an exchange point ("cage"), rather than by ๐ the slot machine itself. A hand pay occurs when the amount of the payout exceeds the maximum amount that was ๐ preset by the slot machine's operator. Usually, the maximum amount is set at the level where the operator must begin ๐ to deduct taxes. A hand pay could also be necessary as a result of a short pay.
Hopper fill slip is ๐ a document used to record the replenishment of the coin in the coin hopper after it becomes depleted as a ๐ result of making payouts to players. The slip indicates the amount of coin placed into the hoppers, as well as ๐ the signatures of the employees involved in the transaction, the slot machine number and the location and the date.
MEAL book ๐ (Machine entry authorization log) is a log of the employee's entries into the machine.
Low-level or slant-top slot machines include a ๐ stool so the player may sit down. Stand-up or upright slot machines are played while standing.
Optimal play is a payback ๐ percentage based on a gambler using the optimal strategy in a skill-based slot machine game.
Payline is a line that crosses ๐ through one symbol on each reel, along which a winning combination is evaluated. Classic spinning reel machines usually have up ๐ to nine paylines, while video slot machines may have as many as one hundred. Paylines could be of various shapes ๐ (horizontal, vertical, oblique, triangular, zigzag, etc.)
Persistent state refers to passive features on some slot machines, some of which able to ๐ trigger bonus payouts or other special features if certain conditions are met over time by players on that machine.[19]
Roll-up is ๐ the process of dramatizing a win by playing sounds while the meters count up to the amount that has been ๐ won.
Short pay refers to a partial payout made by a slot machine, which is less than the amount due to ๐ the player. This occurs if the coin hopper has been depleted as a result of making earlier payouts to players. ๐ The remaining amount due to the player is either paid as a hand pay or an attendant will come and ๐ refill the machine.
A scatter is a pay combination based on occurrences of a designated symbol landing anywhere on the reels, ๐ rather than falling in sequence on the same payline. A scatter pay usually requires a minimum of three symbols to ๐ land, and the machine may offer increased prizes or jackpots depending on the number that land. Scatters are frequently used ๐ to trigger bonus games, such as free spins (with the number of spins multiplying based on the number of scatter ๐ symbols that land). The scatter symbol usually cannot be matched using wilds, and some games may require the scatter symbols ๐ to appear on consecutive reels in order to pay. On some multiway games, scatter symbols still pay in unused areas.
Taste ๐ is a reference to the small amount often paid out to keep a player seated and continuously betting. Only rarely ๐ will machines fail to pay even the minimum out over the course of several pulls.
Display screen of a slot machine ๐ in tilt mode
Tilt is a term derived from electromechanical slot machines' "tilt switches", which would make or break a circuit ๐ when they were tilted or otherwise tampered with that triggered an alarm. While modern machines no longer have tilt switches, ๐ any kind of technical fault (door switch in the wrong state, reel motor failure, out of paper, etc.) is still ๐ called a "tilt".
A theoretical hold worksheet is a document provided by the manufacturer for every slot machine that indicates the ๐ theoretical percentage the machine should hold based on the amount paid in. The worksheet also indicates the reel strip settings, ๐ number of coins that may be played, the payout schedule, the number of reels and other information descriptive of the ๐ particular type of slot machine.
Volatility or variance refers to the measure of risk associated with playing a slot machine. A ๐ low-volatility slot machine has regular but smaller wins, while a high-variance slot machine has fewer but bigger wins.
Weight count is ๐ an American term referring to the total value of coins or tokens removed from a slot machine's drop bucket or ๐ drop box for counting by the casino's hard count team through the use of a weigh scale.
Wild symbols substitute for ๐ most other symbols in the game (similarly to a joker card), usually excluding scatter and jackpot symbols (or offering a ๐ lower prize on non-natural combinations that include wilds). How jokers behave are dependent on the specific game and whether the ๐ player is in a bonus or free games mode. Sometimes wild symbols may only appear on certain reels, or have ๐ a chance to "stack" across the entire reel.
Pay table
Each machine has a table that lists the number of credits the ๐ player will receive if the symbols listed on the pay table line up on the pay line of the machine. ๐ Some symbols are wild and can represent many, or all, of the other symbols to complete a winning line. Especially ๐ on older machines, the pay table is listed on the face of the machine, usually above and below the area ๐ containing the wheels. On video slot machines, they are usually contained within a help menu, along with information on other ๐ features.
Technology
Reels
Historically, all slot machines used revolving mechanical reels to display and determine results. Although the original slot machine used five ๐ reels, simpler, and therefore more reliable, three reel machines quickly became the standard.
A problem with three reel machines is that ๐ the number of combinations is only cubic โ the original slot machine with three physical reels and 10 symbols on ๐ each reel had only 103 = 1,000 possible combinations. This limited the manufacturer's ability to offer large jackpots since even ๐ the rarest event had a likelihood of 0.1%. The maximum theoretical payout, assuming 100% return to player would be 1000 ๐ times the bet, but that would leave no room for other pays, making the machine very high risk, and also ๐ quite boring.
Although the number of symbols eventually increased to about 22, allowing 10,648 combinations,[20] this still limited jackpot sizes as ๐ well as the number of possible outcomes.
In the 1980s, however, slot machine manufacturers incorporated electronics into their products and programmed ๐ them to weight particular symbols. Thus the odds of losing symbols appearing on the payline became disproportionate to their actual ๐ frequency on the physical reel. A symbol would only appear once on the reel displayed to the player, but could, ๐ in fact, occupy several stops on the multiple reel.
In 1984, Inge Telnaes received a patent for a device titled, "Electronic ๐ Gaming Device Utilizing a Random Number Generator for Selecting the Reel Stop Positions" (US Patent 4448419),[21] which states: "It is ๐ important to make a machine that is perceived to present greater chances of payoff than it actually has within the ๐ legal limitations that games of chance must operate."[22] The patent was later bought by International Game Technology and has since ๐ expired.
A virtual reel that has 256 virtual stops per reel would allow up to 2563 = 16,777,216 final positions. The ๐ manufacturer could choose to offer aR$1 million jackpot on aR$1 bet, confident that it will only happen, over the long ๐ term, once every 16.8 million plays.
Computerization
With microprocessors now ubiquitous, the computers inside modern slot machines allow manufacturers to assign a ๐ different probability to every symbol on every reel. To the player, it might appear that a winning symbol was "so ๐ close", whereas in fact the probability is much lower.
In the 1980s in the U.K., machines embodying microprocessors became common. These ๐ used a number of features to ensure the payout was controlled within the limits of the gambling legislation. As a ๐ coin was inserted into the machine, it could go either directly into the cashbox for the benefit of the owner ๐ or into a channel that formed the payout reservoir, with the microprocessor monitoring the number of coins in this channel. ๐ The drums themselves were driven by stepper motors, controlled by the processor and with proximity sensors monitoring the position of ๐ the drums. A "look-up table" within the software allows the processor to know what symbols were being displayed on the ๐ drums to the gambler. This allowed the system to control the level of payout by stopping the drums at positions ๐ it had determined. If the payout channel had filled up, the payout became more generous; if nearly empty, the payout ๐ became less so (thus giving good control of the odds).
Video slot machines
Video slot machines do not use mechanical reels, but ๐ use graphical reels on a computerized display. As there are no mechanical constraints on the design of video slot machines, ๐ games often use at least five reels, and may also use non-standard layouts. This greatly expands the number of possibilities: ๐ a machine can have 50 or more symbols on a reel, giving odds as high as 300 million to 1 ๐ against โ enough for even the largest jackpot. As there are so many combinations possible with five reels, manufacturers do ๐ not need to weight the payout symbols (although some may still do so). Instead, higher paying symbols will typically appear ๐ only once or twice on each reel, while more common symbols earning a more frequent payout will appear many times. ๐ Video slot machines usually make more extensive use of multimedia, and can feature more elaborate minigames as bonuses. Modern cabinets ๐ typically use flat-panel displays, but cabinets using larger curved screens (which can provide a more immersive experience for the player) ๐ are not uncommon.[23]
Video slot machines typically encourage the player to play multiple "lines": rather than simply taking the middle of ๐ the three symbols displayed on each reel, a line could go from top left to the bottom right or any ๐ other pattern specified by the manufacturer. As each symbol is equally likely, there is no difficulty for the manufacturer in ๐ allowing the player to take as many of the possible lines on offer as desired โ the long-term return to ๐ the player will be the same. The difference for the player is that the more lines they play, the more ๐ likely they are to get paid on a given spin (because they are betting more).
To avoid seeming as if the ๐ player's money is simply ebbing away (whereas a payout of 100 credits on a single-line machine would be 100 bets ๐ and the player would feel they had made a substantial win, on a 20-line machine, it would only be five ๐ bets and not seem as significant), manufacturers commonly offer bonus games, which can return many times their bet. The player ๐ is encouraged to keep playing to reach the bonus: even if they are losing, the bonus game could allow them ๐ to win back their losses.
Payout percentage
Slot machines are typically programmed to pay out as winnings 0% to 99% of the ๐ money that is wagered by players. This is known as the "theoretical payout percentage" or RTP, "return to player". The ๐ minimum theoretical payout percentage varies among jurisdictions and is typically established by law or regulation. For example, the minimum payout ๐ in Nevada is 75%, in New Jersey 83%, and in Mississippi 80%. The winning patterns on slot machines โ the ๐ amounts they pay and the frequencies of those payouts โ are carefully selected to yield a certain fraction of the ๐ money paid to the "house" (the operator of the slot machine) while returning the rest to the players during play. ๐ Suppose that a certain slot machine costsR$1 per spin and has a return to player (RTP) of 95%. It can ๐ be calculated that, over a sufficiently long period such as 1,000,000 spins, the machine will return an average ofR$950,000 to ๐ its players, who have insertedR$1,000,000 during that time. In this (simplified) example, the slot machine is said to pay out ๐ 95%. The operator keeps the remainingR$50,000. Within some EGM development organizations this concept is referred to simply as "par". "Par" ๐ also manifests itself to gamblers as promotional techniques: "Our 'Loose Slots' have a 93% payback! Play now!"[citation needed]
A slot machine's ๐ theoretical payout percentage is set at the factory when the software is written. Changing the payout percentage after a slot ๐ machine has been placed on the gaming floor requires a physical swap of the software or firmware, which is usually ๐ stored on an EPROM but may be loaded onto non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM) or even stored on CD-ROM or ๐ DVD, depending on the capabilities of the machine and the applicable regulations. Based on current technology, this is a time-consuming ๐ process and as such is done infrequently.[citation needed] In certain jurisdictions, such as New Jersey, the EPROM has a tamper-evident ๐ seal and can only be changed in the presence of Gaming Control Board officials. Other jurisdictions, including Nevada, randomly audit ๐ slot machines to ensure that they contain only approved software.
Historically, many casinos, both online and offline, have been unwilling to ๐ publish individual game RTP figures, making it impossible for the player to know whether they are playing a "loose" or ๐ a "tight" game. Since the turn of the century, some information regarding these figures has started to come into the ๐ public domain either through various casinos releasing themโprimarily this applies to online casinosโor through studies by independent gambling authorities.[citation needed]
The ๐ return to player is not the only statistic that is of interest. The probabilities of every payout on the pay ๐ table is also critical. For example, consider a hypothetical slot machine with a dozen different values on the pay table. ๐ However, the probabilities of getting all the payouts are zero except the largest one. If the payout is 4,000 times ๐ the input amount, and it happens every 4,000 times on average, the return to player is exactly 100%, but the ๐ game would be dull to play. Also, most people would not win anything, and having entries on the paytable that ๐ have a return of zero would be deceptive. As these individual probabilities are closely guarded secrets, it is possible that ๐ the advertised machines with high return to player simply increase the probabilities of these jackpots. The casino could legally place ๐ machines of a similar style payout and advertise that some machines have 100% return to player. The added advantage is ๐ that these large jackpots increase the excitement of the other players.
The table of probabilities for a specific machine is called ๐ the Probability and Accounting Report or PAR sheet, also PARS commonly understood as Paytable and Reel Strips. Mathematician Michael Shackleford ๐ revealed the PARS for one commercial slot machine, an original International Gaming Technology Red White and Blue machine. This game, ๐ in its original form, is obsolete, so these specific probabilities do not apply. He only published the odds after a ๐ fan of his sent him some information provided on a slot machine that was posted on a machine in the ๐ Netherlands. The psychology of the machine design is quickly revealed. There are 13 possible payouts ranging from 1:1 to 2,400:1. ๐ The 1:1 payout comes every 8 plays. The 5:1 payout comes every 33 plays, whereas the 2:1 payout comes every ๐ 600 plays. Most players assume the likelihood increases proportionate to the payout. The one mid-size payout that is designed to ๐ give the player a thrill is the 80:1 payout. It is programmed to occur an average of once every 219 ๐ plays. The 80:1 payout is high enough to create excitement, but not high enough that it makes it likely that ๐ the player will take their winnings and abandon the game. More than likely the player began the game with at ๐ least 80 times his bet (for instance there are 80 quarters inR$20). In contrast the 150:1 payout occurs only on ๐ average of once every 6,241 plays. The highest payout of 2,400:1 occurs only on average of once every 643 = ๐ 262,144 plays since the machine has 64 virtual stops. The player who continues to feed the machine is likely to ๐ have several mid-size payouts, but unlikely to have a large payout. He quits after he is bored or has exhausted ๐ his bankroll.[citation needed]
Despite their confidentiality, occasionally a PAR sheet is posted on a website. They have limited value to the ๐ player, because usually a machine will have 8 to 12 different possible programs with varying payouts. In addition, slight variations ๐ of each machine (e.g., with double jackpots or five times play) are always being developed. The casino operator can choose ๐ which EPROM chip to install in any particular machine to select the payout desired. The result is that there is ๐ not really such a thing as a high payback type of machine, since every machine potentially has multiple settings. From ๐ October 2001 to February 2002, columnist Michael Shackleford obtained PAR sheets for five different nickel machines; four IGT games Austin ๐ Powers, Fortune Cookie, Leopard Spots and Wheel of Fortune and one game manufactured by WMS; Reel 'em In. Without revealing ๐ the proprietary information, he developed a program that would allow him to determine with usually less than a dozen plays ๐ on each machine which EPROM chip was installed. Then he did a survey of over 400 machines in 70 different ๐ casinos in Las Vegas. He averaged the data, and assigned an average payback percentage to the machines in each casino. ๐ The resultant list was widely publicized for marketing purposes (especially by the Palms casino which had the top ranking).[citation needed]
One ๐ reason that the slot machine is so profitable to a casino is that the player must play the high house ๐ edge and high payout wagers along with the low house edge and low payout wagers. In a more traditional wagering ๐ game like craps, the player knows that certain wagers have almost a 50/50 chance of winning or losing, but they ๐ only pay a limited multiple of the original bet (usually no higher than three times). Other bets have a higher ๐ house edge, but the player is rewarded with a bigger win (up to thirty times in craps). The player can ๐ choose what kind of wager he wants to make. A slot machine does not afford such an opportunity. Theoretically, the ๐ operator could make these probabilities available, or allow the player to choose which one so that the player is free ๐ to make a choice. However, no operator has ever enacted this strategy. Different machines have different maximum payouts, but without ๐ knowing the odds of getting the jackpot, there is no rational way to differentiate.
In many markets where central monitoring and ๐ control systems are used to link machines for auditing and security purposes, usually in wide area networks of multiple venues ๐ and thousands of machines, player return must usually be changed from a central computer rather than at each machine. A ๐ range of percentages is set in the game software and selected remotely.
In 2006, the Nevada Gaming Commission began working with ๐ Las Vegas casinos on technology that would allow the casino's management to change the game, the odds, and the payouts ๐ remotely. The change cannot be done instantaneously, but only after the selected machine has been idle for at least four ๐ minutes. After the change is made, the machine must be locked to new players for four minutes and display an ๐ on-screen message informing potential players that a change is being made.[24]
Linked machines
Some varieties of slot machines can be linked together ๐ in a setup sometimes known as a "community" game. The most basic form of this setup involves progressive jackpots that ๐ are shared between the bank of machines, but may include multiplayer bonuses and other features.[25]
In some cases multiple machines are ๐ linked across multiple casinos. In these cases, the machines may be owned by the manufacturer, who is responsible for paying ๐ the jackpot. The casinos lease the machines rather than owning them outright. Casinos in New Jersey, Nevada, Louisiana, Arkansas, and ๐ South Dakota now offer multi-state progressive jackpots, which now offer bigger jackpot pools.[26][27]
Fraud
Mechanical slot machines and their coin acceptors were ๐ sometimes susceptible to cheating devices and other scams. One historical example involved spinning a coin with a short length of ๐ plastic wire. The weight and size of the coin would be accepted by the machine and credits would be granted. ๐ However, the spin created by the plastic wire would cause the coin to exit through the reject chute into the ๐ payout tray. This particular scam has become obsolete due to improvements in newer slot machines. Another obsolete method of defeating ๐ slot machines was to use a light source to confuse the optical sensor used to count coins during payout.[28]
Modern slot ๐ machines are controlled by EPROM computer chips and, in large casinos, coin acceptors have become obsolete in favor of bill ๐ acceptors. These machines and their bill acceptors are designed with advanced anti-cheating and anti-counterfeiting measures and are difficult to defraud. ๐ Early computerized slot machines were sometimes defrauded through the use of cheating devices, such as the "slider", "monkey paw", "lightwand" ๐ and "the tongue". Many of these old cheating devices were made by the late Tommy Glenn Carmichael, a slot machine ๐ fraudster who reportedly stole overR$5 million.[29] In the modern day, computerized slot machines are fully deterministic and thus outcomes can ๐ be sometimes successfully predicted.[30]
Skill stops
Skill stop buttons predated the Bally electromechanical slot machines of the 1960s and 1970s. They appeared ๐ on mechanical slot machines manufactured by Mills Novelty Co. as early as the mid 1920s. These machines had modified reel-stop ๐ arms, which allowed them to be released from the timing bar, earlier than in a normal play, simply by pressing ๐ the buttons on the front of the machine, located between each reel.
"Skill stop" buttons were added to some slot machines ๐ by Zacharias Anthony in the early 1970s. These enabled the player to stop each reel, allowing a degree of "skill" ๐ so as to satisfy the New Jersey gaming laws of the day which required that players were able to control ๐ the game in some way. The original conversion was applied to approximately 50 late-model Bally slot machines. Because the typical ๐ machine stopped the reels automatically in less than 10 seconds, weights were added to the mechanical timers to prolong the ๐ automatic stopping of the reels. By the time the New Jersey Alcoholic Beverages Commission (ABC) had approved the conversion for ๐ use in New Jersey arcades, the word was out and every other distributor began adding skill stops. The machines were ๐ a huge hit on the Jersey Shore and the remaining unconverted Bally machines were destroyed as they had become instantly ๐ obsolete.[citation needed]
Legislation
United States
In the United States, the public and private availability of slot machines is highly regulated by state governments. ๐ Many states have established gaming control boards to regulate the possession and use of slot machines and other form of ๐ gaming.
Nevada is the only state that has no significant restrictions against slot machines both for public and private use. In ๐ New Jersey, slot machines are only allowed in hotel casinos operated in Atlantic City. Several states (Indiana, Louisiana and Missouri) ๐ allow slot machines (as well as any casino-style gambling) only on licensed riverboats or permanently anchored barges. Since Hurricane Katrina, ๐ Mississippi has removed the requirement that casinos on the Gulf Coast operate on barges and now allows them on land ๐ along the shoreline. Delaware allows slot machines at three horse tracks; they are regulated by the state lottery commission. In ๐ Wisconsin, bars and taverns are allowed to have up to five machines. These machines usually allow a player to either ๐ take a payout, or gamble it on a double-or-nothing "side game".
The territory of Puerto Rico places significant restrictions on slot ๐ machine ownership, but the law is widely flouted and slot machines are common in bars and coffeeshops.[31]
In regards to tribal ๐ casinos located on Native American reservations, slot machines played against the house and operating independently from a centralized computer system ๐ are classified as "Class III" gaming by the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA), and sometimes promoted as "Vegas-style" slot machines.[32] ๐ In order to offer Class III gaming, tribes must enter into a compact (agreement) with the state that is approved ๐ by the Department of the Interior, which may contain restrictions on the types and quantity of such games. As a ๐ workaround, some casinos may operate slot machines as "Class II" gamesโa category that includes games where players play exclusively against ๐ at least one other opponent and not the house, such as bingo or any related games (such as pull-tabs). In ๐ these cases, the reels are an entertainment display with a pre-determined outcome based on a centralized game played against other ๐ players. Under the IGRA, Class II games are regulated by individual tribes and the National Indian Gaming Commission, and do ๐ not require any additional approval if the state already permits tribal gaming.[33][34]
Some historical race wagering terminals operate in a similar ๐ manner, with the machines using slots as an entertainment display for outcomes paid using the parimutuel betting system, based on ๐ results of randomly-selected, previously-held horse races (with the player able to view selected details about the race and adjust their ๐ picks before playing the credit, or otherwise use an auto-bet system).[35]
Private ownership
Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Kentucky, Maine, Minnesota, Nevada, Ohio, Rhode ๐ Island, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and West Virginia place no restrictions on private ownership of slot machines. Conversely, in Connecticut, Hawaii, ๐ Nebraska, South Carolina, and Tennessee, private ownership of any slot machine is completely prohibited. The remaining states allow slot machines ๐ of a certain age (typically 25โ30 years) or slot machines manufactured before a specific date.
Canada
The Government of Canada has minimal ๐ involvement in gambling beyond the Canadian Criminal Code. In essence, the term "lottery scheme" used in the code means slot ๐ machines, bingo and table games normally associated with a casino. These fall under the jurisdiction of the province or territory ๐ without reference to the federal government; in practice, all Canadian provinces operate gaming boards that oversee lotteries, casinos and video ๐ lottery terminals under their jurisdiction.
OLG piloted a classification system for slot machines at the Grand River Raceway developed by University ๐ of Waterloo professor Kevin Harrigan, as part of its PlaySmart initiative for responsible gambling. Inspired by nutrition labels on foods, ๐ they displayed metrics such as volatility and frequency of payouts.[36] OLG has also deployed electronic gaming machines with pre-determined outcomes ๐ based on a bingo or pull-tab game, initially branded as "TapTix", which visually resemble slot machines.[37]
In Ontario, 4 April 2024 ๐ saw the re-introduction of the online gambling market. This became possible when the Canadian Criminal Code was amended to allow ๐ single-event wagering August 2024. The province is expected to generate aboutR$800 million in gross revenue per year.[38]
Australia
In Australia "Poker Machines" ๐ or "pokies"[39] are officially termed "gaming machines". In Australia, gaming machines are a matter for state governments, so laws vary ๐ between states. Gaming machines are found in casinos (approximately one in each major city), pubs and clubs in some states ๐ (usually sports, social, or RSL clubs). The first Australian state to legalize this style of gambling was New South Wales, ๐ when in 1956 they were made legal in all registered clubs in the state. There are suggestions that the proliferation ๐ of poker machines has led to increased levels of problem gambling; however, the precise nature of this link is still ๐ open to research.[40]
In 1999 the Australian Productivity Commission reported that nearly half Australia's gaming machines were in New South Wales. ๐ At the time, 21% of all the gambling machines in the world were operating in Australia and, on a per ๐ capita basis, Australia had roughly five times as many gaming machines as the United States. Australia ranks 8th in total ๐ number of gaming machines after Japan, U.S.A., Italy, U.K., Spain and Germany. This primarily is because gaming machines have been ๐ legal in the state of New South Wales since 1956; over time, the number of machines has grown to 97,103 ๐ (at December 2010, including the Australian Capital Territory). By way of comparison, the U.S. State of Nevada, which legalised gaming ๐ including slots several decades before N.S.W., had 190,135 slots operating.[41]
Revenue from gaming machines in pubs and clubs accounts for more ๐ than half of theR$4 billion in gambling revenue collected by state governments in fiscal year 2002โ03.[42]
In Queensland, gaming machines in ๐ pubs and clubs must provide a return rate of 85%, while machines located in casinos must provide a return rate ๐ of 90%.[citation needed] Most other states have similar provisions. In Victoria, gaming machines must provide a minimum return rate of ๐ 87% (including jackpot contribution), including machines in Crown Casino. As of December 1, 2007, Victoria banned gaming machines that acceptedR$100 ๐ notes; all gaming machines made since 2003 comply with this rule. This new law also banned machines with an automatic ๐ play option. One exception exists in Crown Casino for any player with a VIP loyalty card: they can still insertR$100 ๐ notes and use an autoplay feature (whereby the machine will automatically play until credit is exhausted or the player intervenes). ๐ All gaming machines in Victoria have an information screen accessible to the user by pressing the "i key" button, showing ๐ the game rules, paytable, return to player percentage, and the top and bottom five combinations with their odds. These combinations ๐ are stated to be played on a minimum bet (usually 1 credit per line, with 1 line or reel played, ๐ although some newer machines do not have an option to play 1 line; some machines may only allow maximum lines ๐ to be played), excluding feature wins.
Western Australia has the most restrictive regulations on electronic gaming machines in general, with the ๐ Crown Perth casino resort being the only venue allowed to operate them,[43] and banning slot machines with spinning reels entirely. ๐ This policy had an extensive political history, reaffirmed by the 1974 Royal Commission into Gambling:[44]
Poker machine playing is a mindless, ๐ repetitive and insidious form of gambling which has many undesirable features. It requires no thought, no skill or social contact. ๐ The odds are never about winning. Watching people playing the machines over long periods of time, the impressionistic evidence at ๐ least is that they are addictive to many people. Historically poker machines have been banned from Western Australia and we ๐ consider that, in the public interest, they should stay banned.
While Western Australian gaming machines are similar to the other states', ๐ they do not have spinning reels. Therefore, different animations are used in place of the spinning reels in order to ๐ display each game result.
Nick Xenophon was elected on an independent No Pokies ticket in the South Australian Legislative Council at ๐ the 1997 South Australian state election on 2.9 percent, re-elected at the 2006 election on 20.5 percent, and elected to ๐ the Australian Senate at the 2007 federal election on 14.8 percent. Independent candidate Andrew Wilkie, an anti-pokies campaigner, was elected ๐ to the Australian House of Representatives seat of Denison at the 2010 federal election. Wilkie was one of four crossbenchers ๐ who supported the Gillard Labor government following the hung parliament result. Wilkie immediately began forging ties with Xenophon as soon ๐ as it was apparent that he was elected. In exchange for Wilkie's support, the Labor government are attempting to implement ๐ precommitment technology for high-bet/high-intensity poker machines, against opposition from the Tony Abbott Coalition and Clubs Australia.
During the COVID-19 pandemic of ๐ 2024, every establishment in the country that facilitated poker machines was shut down, in an attempt to curb the spread ๐ of the virus, bringing Australia's usage of poker machines effectively to zero.[45]
Russia
In Russia, "slot clubs" appeared quite late, only in ๐ 1992. Before 1992, slot machines were only in casinos and small shops, but later slot clubs began appearing all over ๐ the country. The most popular and numerous were "Vulcan 777" and "Taj Mahal". Since 2009, when gambling establishments were banned, ๐ almost all slot clubs disappeared and are found only in a specially authorized gambling zones.
United Kingdom
Row of old fruit machines ๐ in Teignmouth Pier, Devon
One armed bandits at Wookey Hole Caves
Slot machines are covered by the Gambling Act 2005, which superseded ๐ the Gaming Act 1968.[46]
Slot machines in the U.K. are categorised by definitions produced by the Gambling Commission as part of ๐ the Gambling Act of 2005.
Machine category Maximum stake (from January 2014) Maximum prize (from January 2014) A Unlimited Unlimited B1 ๐ ยฃ5 ยฃ10,000 or if the game has a progressive jackpot that can be ยฃ20,000 B2 ยฃ100 (in multiples of ยฃ10) ๐ ยฃ500 B3 ยฃ2 ยฃ500 B3A ยฃ1 ยฃ500 B4 ยฃ2 ยฃ400 C ยฃ1 ยฃ100 or ยฃ200 If jackpot is repeated D ๐ (various) 10p to ยฃ8 ยฃ8 cash or ยฃ50 non-cash
Casinos built under the provisions of the 1968 Act are allowed to ๐ house either up to twenty machines of categories BโD or any number of CโD machines. As defined by the 2005 ๐ Act, large casinos can have a maximum of one hundred and fifty machines in any combination of categories BโD (subject ๐ to a machine-to-table ratio of 5:1); small casinos can have a maximum of eighty machines in any combination of categories ๐ BโD (subject to a machine-to-table ratio of 2:1).
Category A
Category A games were defined in preparation for the planned "Super Casinos". ๐ Despite a lengthy bidding process with Manchester being chosen as the single planned location, the development was cancelled soon after ๐ Gordon Brown became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. As a result, there are no lawful Category A games in ๐ the U.K.
Category B
Category B games are divided into subcategories. The differences between B1, B3 and B4 games are mainly the ๐ stake and prizes as defined in the above table. Category B2 games โ Fixed odds betting terminals (FOBTs) โ have ๐ quite different stake and prize rules: FOBTs are mainly found in licensed betting shops, or bookmakers, usually in the form ๐ of electronic roulette.
The games are based on a random number generator; thus each game's probability of getting the jackpot is ๐ independent of any other game: probabilities are all equal. If a pseudorandom number generator is used instead of a truly ๐ random one, probabilities are not independent since each number is determined at least in part by the one generated before ๐ it.
Category C
Category C games are often referred to as fruit machines, one-armed bandits and AWP (amusement with prize). Fruit machines ๐ are commonly found in pubs, clubs, and arcades. Machines commonly have three but can be found with four or five ๐ reels, each with 16โ24 symbols printed around them. The reels are spun each play, from which the appearance of particular ๐ combinations of symbols result in payment of their associated winnings by the machine (or alternatively initiation of a subgame). These ๐ games often have many extra features, trails and subgames with opportunities to win money; usually more than can be won ๐ from just the payouts on the reel combinations.
Fruit machines in the U.K. almost universally have the following features, generally selected ๐ at random using a pseudorandom number generator:
A player (known in the industry as a punter ) may be given the ๐ opportunity to hold one or more reels before spinning, meaning they will not be spun but instead retain their displayed ๐ symbols yet otherwise count normally for that play. This can sometimes increase the chance of winning, especially if two or ๐ more reels are held.
) may be given the opportunity to one or more reels before spinning, meaning they will not ๐ be spun but instead retain their displayed symbols yet otherwise count normally for that play. This can sometimes increase the ๐ chance of winning, especially if two or more reels are held. A player may also be given a number of ๐ nudges following a spin (or, in some machines, as a result in a subgame). A nudge is a step rotation ๐ of a reel chosen by the player (the machine may not allow all reels to be nudged for a particular ๐ play).
following a spin (or, in some machines, as a result in a subgame). A nudge is a step rotation of ๐ a reel chosen by the player (the machine may not allow all reels to be nudged for a particular play). ๐ Cheats can also be made available on the internet or through emailed newsletters to subscribers. These cheats give the player ๐ the impression of an advantage, whereas in reality the payout percentage remains exactly the same. The most widely used cheat ๐ is known as hold after a nudge and increases the chance that the player will win following an unsuccessful nudge. ๐ Machines from the early 1990s did not advertise the concept of hold after a nudge when this feature was first ๐ introduced, it became so well known amongst players and widespread amongst new machine releases that it is now well-advertised on ๐ the machine during play. This is characterized by messages on the display such as DON'T HOLD ANY or LET 'EM ๐ SPIN and is a designed feature of the machine, not a cheat at all. Holding the same pair three times ๐ on three consecutive spins also gives a guaranteed win on most machines that offer holds.
It is known for machines to ๐ pay out multiple jackpots, one after the other (this is known as a "repeat") but each jackpot requires a new ๐ game to be played so as not to violate the law about the maximum payout on a single play. Typically ๐ this involves the player only pressing the Start button at the "repeat" prompt, for which a single credit is taken, ๐ regardless of whether this causes the reels to spin or not. Machines are also known to intentionally set aside money, ๐ which is later awarded in a series of wins, known as a "streak". The minimum payout percentage is 70%, with ๐ pubs often setting the payout at around 78%.
Japan
Japanese slot machines, known as pachisuro (ใใในใญ) or pachislot from the words "pachinko" ๐ and "slot machine", are a descendant of the traditional Japanese pachinko game. Slot machines are a fairly new phenomenon and ๐ they can be found mostly in pachinko parlors and the adult sections of amusement arcades, known as game centers.
The machines ๐ are regulated with integrated circuits, and have six different levels changing the odds of a 777. The levels provide a ๐ rough outcome of between 90% and 160% (200% for skilled players). Japanese slot machines are "beatable". Parlor operators naturally set ๐ most machines to simply collect money, but intentionally place a few paying machines on the floor so that there will ๐ be at least someone winning,[citation needed] encouraging players on the losing machines to keep gambling, using the psychology of the ๐ gambler's fallacy.
Despite the many varieties of pachislot machines, there are certain rules and regulations put forward by the Security Electronics ๐ and Communication Technology Association (ไฟๅฎ้ปๅญ้ไฟกๆ่กๅไผ), an affiliate of the National Police Agency. For example, there must be three reels. All ๐ reels must be accompanied by buttons which allow players to manually stop them, reels may not spin faster than 80 ๐ RPM, and reels must stop within 0.19 seconds of a button press. In practice, this means that machines cannot let ๐ reels slip more than 4 symbols. Other rules include a 15 coin payout cap, a 50 credit cap on machines, ๐ a 3 coin maximum bet, and other such regulations.[citation needed]
Although a 15 coin payout may seem quite low, regulations allow ๐ "Big Bonus" (c. 400โ711 coins) and "Regular Bonus" modes (c. 110 coins) where these 15 coin payouts occur nearly continuously ๐ until the bonus mode is finished. While the machine is in bonus mode, the player is entertained with special winning ๐ scenes on the LCD display, and energizing music is heard, payout after payout.
Three other unique features of Pachisuro machines are ๐ "stock", "renchan", and tenjล (ๅคฉไบ). On many machines, when enough money to afford a bonus is taken in, the bonus ๐ is not immediately awarded. Typically the game merely stops making the reels slip off the bonus symbols for a few ๐ games. If the player fails to hit the bonus during these "standby games", it is added to the "stock" for ๐ later collection. Many current games, after finishing a bonus round, set the probability to release additional stock (gained from earlier ๐ players failing to get a bonus last time the machine stopped making the reels slip for a bit) very high ๐ for the first few games. As a result, a lucky player may get to play several bonus rounds in a ๐ row (a "renchan"), making payouts of 5,000 or even 10,000 coins possible. The lure of "stock" waiting in the machine, ๐ and the possibility of "renchan" tease the gambler to keep feeding the machine. To tease them further, there is a ๐ tenjล (ceiling), a maximum limit on the number of games between "stock" release. For example, if the tenjล is 1,500, ๐ and the number of games played since the last bonus is 1,490, the player is guaranteed to release a bonus ๐ within just 10 games.
Because of the "stock", "renchan", and tenjล systems, it is possible to make money by simply playing ๐ machines on which someone has just lost a huge amount of money. This is called being a "hyena". They are ๐ easy to recognize, roaming the aisles for a "kamo" ("sucker" in English) to leave his machine.
In short, the regulations allowing ๐ "stock", "renchan", and tenjล transformed the pachisuro from a low-stakes form of entertainment just a few years back to hardcore ๐ gambling. Many people may be gambling more than they can afford, and the big payouts also lure unsavory "hyena" types ๐ into the gambling halls.
To address these social issues, a new regulation (Version 5.0) was adopted in 2006 which caps the ๐ maximum amount of "stock" a machine can hold to around 2,000โ3,000 coins' worth of bonus games. Moreover, all pachisuro machines ๐ must be re-evaluated for regulation compliance every three years. Version 4.0 came out in 2004, so that means all those ๐ machines with the up to 10,000 coin payouts will be removed from service by 2007.[citation needed]
Jackpot disputes
Electronic slot machines can ๐ malfunction. When the displayed amount is smaller than the one it is supposed to be, the error usually goes unnoticed. ๐ When it happens the other way, disputes are likely.[47] Below are some notable arguments caused by the owners of the ๐ machines saying that the displayed amounts were far larger than the ones patrons should get.
United States
Two such cases occurred in ๐ casinos in Colorado in 2010, where software errors led to indicated jackpots ofR$11 million[48] andR$42 million.[49] Analysis of machine records ๐ by the state Gaming Commission revealed faults, with the true jackpot being substantially smaller.[50] State gaming laws did not require ๐ a casino to honour payouts in that case.
Vietnam
On October 25, 2009, while a Vietnamese American man, Ly Sam, was playing ๐ a slot machine in the Palazzo Club at the Sheraton Saigon Hotel in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, it displayed ๐ that he had hit a jackpot of US$55,542,296.73.[51] The casino refused to pay, saying it was a machine error, Ly ๐ sued the casino.[52] On January 7, 2013, the District 1 People's Court in Ho Chi Minh City decided that the ๐ casino had to pay the amount Ly claimed in full, not trusting the error report from an inspection company hired ๐ by the casino.[53] Both sides appealed thereafter, and Ly asked for interest while the casino refused to pay him.[54] In ๐ January, 2014, the news reported that the case had been settled out of court, and Ly had received an undisclosed ๐ sum.[55]
Problem gambling and slot machines
Mills Novelty Co. Horse Head Bonus antique slot machine
Natasha Dow Schรผll, associate professor in New York ๐ University's Department of Media, Culture and Communication, uses the term "machine zone" to describe the state of immersion that users ๐ of slot machines experience when gambling, where they lose a sense of time, space, bodily awareness, and monetary value.[56]
Mike Dixon, ๐ PhD, professor of psychology at the University of Waterloo,[57] studies the relationship between slot players and machines. In one of ๐ Dixon's studies, players were observed experiencing heightened arousal from the sensory stimulus coming from the machines. They "sought to show ๐ that these 'losses disguised as wins' (LDWs) would be as arousing as wins, and more arousing than regular losses."[58]
Psychologists Robert ๐ Breen and Marc Zimmerman[59][60] found that players of video slot machines reach a debilitating level of involvement with gambling three ๐ times as rapidly as those who play traditional casino games, even if they have engaged in other forms of gambling ๐ without problems.
Eye-tracking research in local bookkeepers' offices in the UK suggested that, in slots games, the reels dominated players' visual ๐ attention, and that problem gamblers looked more frequently at amount-won messages than did those without gambling problems.[61]
The 2011 60 Minutes ๐ report "Slot Machines: The Big Gamble"[62] focused on the link between slot machines and gambling addiction.
See also
References
Bibliography
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Por O Globo โ Rio de Janeiro
28/12/2023 13h59 Atualizado 28/12/2023
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